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1. One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
°¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ º¯ÈÁß Çϳª´Â/ ±×¸®½º¿¡¼/ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡/ Æú¸®½º ¶Ç´Â µµ½Ã±¹°¡ÀÇ µîÀåÀÌ´Ù/ ±×¸®°í °¢°¢ µµ½Ã±¹°¡´Â ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù/ Á¤ºÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ»/ ±×°Ô ¹¹³Ä¸é ±×°Í¿¡ »óȲµé¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ
2. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis.
±× ¹®Á¦µé/ Á÷¸éµÇ°í Ç®·È´ø/ ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼/ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÈûÀÇ °øÀ¯¿´´Ù/ ~»çÀÌ¿¡¼/ ¼³¸³µÈ ±ÍÁ·°ú ³ªÅ¸³ »õ·Î¿î ´Ù¸¥ °èÃþ »çÀÌ¿¡¼/ ±×¸®°í ±× ±ÍÁ·µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ÀûÀÀ/ »õ·Î¿î µµ½Ã±¹°¡ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·ÎÀÇ
3. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.
ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÇ Á¶È·Î¿î ¼¯ÀÓ À̾ú´Ù/ ±×°Ô ¹¹³Ä¸é ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀû ¹®È¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³¾ ¿î¸íÀ̾ú´Ù
4. Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states : an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials.
±× µµ½Ã±¹°¡ ½Ã´ë¿¡ µé¾î¼¸é¼/ ¾ÆÅ׳״ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ±â°üÀ» °¡Á³´Ù/ ´Ù¸¥ ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¿ø½Ã¹ÎÁÖÀû ±¹°¡µéÀÇ/ ¼ºÀÎ ³²¼ºµéÀÇ ÀÇȸ/ ±ÍÁ·ÀûÀÎ ÀÇȸ/ ±×¸®°í ¸Å³â ¼±ÃâµÈ °ø¹«¿øµé
5. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully-fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modem times.
±× ÀüÅëÀû Ʋ ¾È¿¡¼/ ¾ÆÅ×³× »ç¶÷µéÀº/ À̽ñ⠻çÀÌ¿¡/ÁøÈ ½ÃÄ×´Ù/ ¹» ÁøÈ ½ÃÄ×³Ä¸é ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀÌ ~·Î ¿©°å´ø/ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼ºÀåÇÑ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ±¸Á¶/ ºñ·Ï ~ÀÏ Áö¶óµµ/ ÅõÇ¥ÇÒ ±Ç¸®´Â ÁÖ¿öÁ³´Ù/ ~º¸´Ù ÀûÀº Áý´ÜÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô/ ÇöÀç½Ã´ë¿¡ º¸¿©Áö´Â °Íº¸´Ù
6. The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly of which all citizens were equal members to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.
º¯È¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ´Ü°è´Â/ ¼Ö·Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃëÇØÁ³´Ù À̽ñ⿡/ ±×°Ô ¾ðÁ¦³Ä¸é ±×°¡ ºÎ½¥À»¶§
±× ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦¸¦/ ºÎ¸¦ ÃàÀûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼±ÃâµÈ °ø¹«¿øÀ» ÇâÇÑ ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ¾ïÁ¦¸¦ ºÎ¼ö¾úÀ» ¶§/Ãâ½Å±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î °üÁ÷À» ¾ò±âº¸´Ù´Â/ ±×¸®°í ÆóÁö½Ã۸é¼/ Æò¹üÇÑ ¾ÆÅ׳×Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÍÁ·µé¿¡°Ô·Î °æÁ¦Àû Àǹ«/ ±×¸®°í Çã¿ëÇß´Ù ±× ÀÇȸ¸¦/ ~¿´´ø ¸ðµç ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÇ µ¿µîÇÑ ±¸¼º¿ø/ ±â°¢Çϵµ·Ï ±× Áö¿ª¹ý¿øÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡¼
7. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modem use of the term suggests to us.
±× ¾ÆÅ×³× ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ ÈûÀº Á¡Á¡ ¾àÇØÁ³´Ù/ µ¿¾È¿¡ ±× ³²Àº ¼¼±âµ¿¾È/ µ¶Àç¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø Á¤ºÎÀÇ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ/±×°Ô ¹¹³Ä¸é À¯¸íÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀÚÀÇ ÀÓ½ÃÀûÀÎ Áö¹è ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù/ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ µ¶ÀçÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áö¹è°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ/ ±× ¿ë¾îÀÇ ÇöÀç »ç¿ë¹ýÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦¾ÈÇϵíÀÌ
8. The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos, strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens' first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.
±× p°¡ /p¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ µ¶ÀçÀÚµéÀÇ °è½ÂÀÌ p¶ó°í ºÒ·È±â ¶§¹®¿¡ / °È½ÃÄ×´Ù ¾ÆÅ×³× Áß¾Ó ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¸¦ ±ÍÁ·ÀÇ Èñ»ýÀ¸·Î/ ±× Áö¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÆÇ»ç¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á/ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ÄÚÀÎÀ» Á¦°øÇÔÀ¸·Î½á/ ±×¸®°í ÃàÁ¦¸¦ Ãß°¡ÇÏ°í ²Ù¹ÒÀ¸·Î/ ±× ÃàÁ¦°¡ ¹¹³Ä¸é
ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â/ ~º¸´Ù ±× ÁÖº¯ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¸¶À» º¸´Ù
9. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change : the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developers reducing aristocratic control already under way.
±× ¼¼±âÀÇ ¸» Âë/ ´õ ¸¹Àº º¯È¸¦ À§ÇÑ ½Ã±â°¡ ¹«¸£À;ú´Ù/ ±× µ¶ÀçÀÚ´Â ÂѰܳµ´Ù/ ±×¸®°í À̽ñ⿡/ »õ·Î¿î ¼±±¸ÀÚ,c/ ÃÖÁ¾Àû Çü½ÄÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù/ ¹ßÀü°¡µé ¿¡°Ô/ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁøÇàÁßÀÎ
10. Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.
CÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±â¿©´Â / ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ Ã¢Á¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ / °¡Á·°ú ºÎÁ· ±¸Á¶µéÀ» ¾àȽÃŰ´Â ±ä °úÁ¤À» ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í À̾ú´Ù / ƯÈ÷³ª ±ÍÁ·µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ÀÇ, / ±×¸®°í µ¥¸ÞÁî¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Àå¼Ò, Á÷Áö¿ª±â¹ÝÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀ» ÀÚ¸® Àâ°Ô ÇÑ °Í / ±× Á¶ÇÕÀº ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ÀÇ ¸ðµç ½Ã¹Î°ú ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Á¾±³Àû »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÔÀå(±Ç¸®)°¡ µÈ /
11. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population.
µ¥¸ÞÁî ¹ÛÀ¸·Î´Â / 10°³ÀÇ ÀΰøÀûÀÎ ºÎÁ·µéÀÌ Ã¢Á¶µÆ´Ù / ´ë·«ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¿µîÇÑ Àα¸ ¼öÀÇ
12. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners.
±× dµé·ÎºÎÅÍ/ ¼±°Å ¶Ç´Â ¼±Åà ¾î´ÀÂÊÀÌ´ø/ 500¸íÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÀÇȸÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀÌ ¿Ô´Ù(µ¥¸ÞÁî·ÎºÎÅÍ) / ¹ý¿øÀ» À§ÇÑ 6000 ¹è½É¿ø/ 10 À屺 ,±×¸®°í À屺100¸í
13. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters.
±× a´Â ±ºÁÖ¿´´Ù / ¸ðµç ¹®Á¦µé¿¡¼ / ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î À§ÀÓÇß´Ù/ ±×°ÍÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÇÏÀ§ÀÇ ±â°üµé·Î / ±× ÀÇȸ¿Í °°Àº/ ±× ÀÇȸ°¡ ¹¹³Ä¸é Áغñ Çß¾ú´ø/ ±× ¾È°ÇÀ» aÀÇ ¹ÌÆÃÀ» À§ÇÑ ¾È°ÇÀ»/±×¸®°í ¹ý¿ø°ú °°Àº/ ±Ùµ¥ ±× ¹ý¿øÀÌ ¹¹³Ä¸é ´ëºÎºÐ ÀçÆÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ´Ù·ç¾ú¾ú´ø/
14. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings.
´Ù¾çÇÑ À§¿øÈ¸´Â ÇൿÇß´Ù/ ÇàÁ¤ºÎó·³/,±×¸®°í ½ÃÇàÇß´Ù ±×aÀÇ p¸¦/ ±×¸®°í °¨µ¶Çß´Ù/ ´ë½Å¿¡ ±× À½½Ä ±×¸®°í ¹°Àº Á¦°øÇÏ´Ù ±×¸®°í °ø°øÀÇ ºôµîµé
15. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms.
ÀÌ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ½ºÄÉÀÏ Âü¿©/ ±× ½Ã¹ÎÀ¸·Î½á/ ±× Á¤ºÎ¾È¿¡¼/ ±¸º°µÇ¾ú´Ù/ ±× ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇüÅÂ/ ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±× ¾ÆÅ×³× p´Â/ ´ú ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Çüŵé
16. The effect of Cleisthenes' reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them.
±× cÀÇ Çõ¸íÀÇ È¿°ú´Â ¼³¸³ÇÒ ¿î¸í À̾ú´Ù / ±× ¾ÆÅ×³× °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Àüü·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ì¿ù¼ºÀ»/ Áö¿ª ±â°üµéº¸´Ù / ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ
(superiority of A over B : Bº¸´Ù AÀÇ ¿ì¿ù)
17. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point.
Àü±¹Àû Á¤Ä¡°¡ / Áö¿ªÀû ¶Ç´Â µ¥¸Þ Á¤Ä¡º¸´Ù´Â / ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù
18. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself.
µ¿½Ã¿¡/ ½ÃÀÛÀÇ Àü±¹Àû p¾È¿¡¼
µ¿½Ã¿¡ / ±¹°¡Àû Á¤Ä¡·ÎÀÇ µé¾î°¨ÀÌ / µ¥¸Þ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ½ÃÀ۵ƴ٠/ ±×¸®°í Áö¿ªÀû Ãæ¼º¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î ÃÊÁ¡À» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù : ¾ÆÅ׳ª ±× ÀÚ½Å
19. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes reforms were fully exploited.
±× ÀÌÈÄ µÎ ¼¼±â µ¿¾È / CÀÇ °³ÇõµéÀÇ ÇÔÀÇ´Â / ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÂøÃëµÆ´Ù
20. During the fifth century B.C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy.
5th ¼¼±âµ¿¾È / 500ÀÇ ÀÇȸ´Â / ¸Å¿ì ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù / Á¤Ã¥À» ¸¸µå´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼
21. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility.
±×·¯³ª ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼±âµ¿¾ÈÀº/ ±×°ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¿Ï¼÷ÇÑ ÀÇȸ¿´´Ù / ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¶°¸ÃÀº(ÀÇȸ)
22. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people," the Athenian democracy was a stunning success.
¾Æ¹«¸® µûÁ® º¸¾Æµµ / ±ÍÁ·µéÀÇ ±×°Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â, / ¼ÒÀ§ ¿µîÇÑ ¡°»ç¶÷µé¡±¿¡ °¡·Á ºûÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇß´ø (±ÍÁ·µé), / ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ´Â ³î¶ó¿î ´ë¼º°øÀ̾ú´Ù.
23. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance.
ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â Àý´ë·Î, ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ / ±×·¸°Ô³ª ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ Àû ¾ø¾ú´Ù / ÀÚÄ¡ÀÇ ½É°¢ÇÑ »ç¾÷¿¡
24. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.
±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ±âȸ¿´´Ù / °ø°øÀû »î¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ (±âȸ) / ÀÚ±ØÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ / °íÀüÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¹®ÈÀÇ ¶Ù¾î³ ÆîħÀ» À§ÇÑ
-> °íÀüÀû ±×¸®½º ¹®È°¡ ¶Ù¾î³ª°Ô ÆîÃÄÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ±ØÁ¦¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î °ø°øÀû »î¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ ±âȸ¿´´Ù.
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